Jin-仁-紀行 其之二 (雷) - 日劇
By Jacky
at 2011-04-25T19:15
at 2011-04-25T19:15
Table of Contents
1.佐久間象山與蘭(西)學傳播
蘭學於日本萌芽甚早,
在1695年西川如見所著之"華夷通商考"中就對西洋天文學說有深刻描述。
之後經歷日荷通商、德川吉宗對翻譯外國書籍採取溫和政策,
劇中也出現過的"解体新書"等重要書籍翻譯出版,使得蘭學進入興盛期。
雖然1828年"Siebold密輸地圖"之國安事件、1839年"蛮社の獄"之文字獄,
使得幕府祭出"蘭書翻訳取締令"(限制翻譯外國書籍),蘭學傳播一度受阻,
但在黑船來日(1853)、幕末開國之後,蘭學傳入自此勢不可擋。
黑船來日讓更多的外國商人與傳教士來到日本,
他們通常都居住在港口邊,因此港口也是蘭學校的集中地,
當時很多商人富家子弟都會去蘭學校學數學、會計,甚至外國語文。
大力提倡西學,被仁稱作"怪物"的佐久間象山(1811-1864),
其實一開始也是很普通的學者,主修儒學、之後開私塾也是教儒學。
但他從小數學就很好,所以之後任職海軍、被指派擔任蘭學研究者時,
良好數學底子也讓他能夠大量吸收新知,成為一名優秀的兵法家。
可惜的是,象山雖然優秀,但也是狂傲出了名,
劇中他使用西式馬鞍以及身著白色內搭兩點就可以看出這點。
當時的人怕衣服容易髒,很少穿白色內搭,
但象山可能是被西方男性穿著白襯衫的習慣影響,堅持要這樣穿。
還有當時和式馬鞍多為木製,材質偏硬、騎馬的人跨下會不舒適,
雖然皮做的西式馬鞍比較軟比較舒服,但是裝在馬上突兀又顯眼。
隨扈都勸他不要用(怕遇襲時變成目標),他也是一意孤行。
甚至他還在上朝之時,在眾人面前大喊自己是國寶、是少有的天才!這樣...
人紅遭忌,有能力沒有好EQ還是令人生厭,
所以"怪物"、"天才"象山因此被暗殺,不勝唏噓。
2.新撰組到底是什麼樣的組織?
新撰組一直都是各種創作很感興趣的題材,不同面向之描述也所在多有,
這裡會用較中立、偏史學的方式去觀察。
首先,新撰組絕對不是什麼"恐怖殺手集團"或"高強劍客集團"。
就以現代來說,其性質很像臨時工、學生短期打工,
若從行政法來看,前期是"委託公務員"、818政變之後則是"授權公務員",
總而言之就是擁有部份公權力的武裝保安隊。
平日業務內容大概就是在街上巡邏、維持治安,
看到可疑浪人就攔下來盤查,有問題就抓到區公所進一步調查,
戰時就加入戰局,跟美國的國民兵差不多。
至於劇中出現的那件可以說是新選組代表的淺藍色隊服,
其實在池田屋事件之後就沒什麼隊員在穿了,
全盛時期隊服整身黑嘛嘛的,目的是方便活動、跟蹤或隱密搜查。
在幕末亂世看到一大群黑衣人啪躂啪躂走過來絕對是嚇死人,
就連當時長州恐怖份子看到他們,也是頭也不回的跑開呢。
當然、跟現今公務人員一樣,
一個這麼大的組織,隊員素質落差之大也是在所難免。
一方面有像近藤勇、土方歲三等有抱負、有地位的頭臉人物,
另一方面卻又有著迂腐思考、內鬥內強的鬥爭分子,
在內鬨中被肅清而遭到殺害的新撰組隊員,絕對不比被他們殺掉的攘夷派浪人還少。
另外,劇中的西醫所所長松本良順在正史中向來對新撰組很友善,
但他也寫到自己有一次到組總部出診,發現組員大多都沒有良好衛生觀念,
一群人就在髒汙的環境中吃喝拉撒、讓他瞠目結舌...
因俸祿或學識不同而造成之影響,可見一斑。
綜合以上理由,造成明治時代以前、一般人與學界對於新撰組評價多為負面。
一直要到日本戰敗後,大正時代學界開始自省,並對歷史人物重新評價,
以及司馬遼太郎老師"燃えよ剣"、
"新選組血風録"等作品對新撰組之正面描寫,使世間對他們有了不同的看法,
再加上電視、電影等改編影像作品的影響,終於讓新撰組成為日本人心中的共同記憶。
像沖田總司這位在史料中其實沒什麼著墨的人物,也是在這股風潮之中迅速竄紅。
正所謂此一時、彼一時,歷史就是這點有趣!
3.禁門の変(1864.8.20)
禁門之變,又稱元始之變、蛤御門之變。
禁門:禁裏御門,就是隔在皇城與外城的大門。
至於蛤御門這個奇怪稱呼則要追尋到1788年的天明大火,
當時從來沒開過的禁門因為情勢危急而大開,就像蛤蜊遇火開口一樣,而有此名。
在外強壓力之下,幕府立場為佐幕(幕府)開國,所以就聯合會津、薩摩等藩,
把提倡尊王(天皇)壤夷的長州籓趕出京都,又稱818政變(1863.8.18)。
雖然政變之後很多尊攘派跟長州大老都一一失腳,
但是少數還潛伏在京都、大阪的長州尊攘派還是在暗中進行翻盤計畫。
1864年長州派內部爭論越演越烈,
激烈派有打算攻進皇城綁架孝明天皇來個挾天子令諸侯的,
也有想要積極與天皇進行溝通、以化解與幕府之間誤會的(久坂),
當然也有主張慎重行事的消極派(桂、高杉)。
但隨後池田屋事件發生,多名長州成員遭到慘殺,
無法忍受的激烈派以"申冤"為理由,開始聚集兵力準備進攻皇城。
這麼大動作當然會被幕府察覺,
但內鬥是人的天性,長州搞分裂、幕府當然也分成反擊派與溫和派。
當時擔任皇城禁衛軍團長、偏溫和派的一橋慶喜(之後的德川慶喜)
雖然對禁衛軍下達了退兵命令,但不幸還是在蛤御門週邊與長州軍起了衝突。
長州軍起初攻勢猛烈,甚至還打破中立売門衝進皇城,
但始終寡不敵眾,在乾門被薩摩派的援軍打個落花流水。
(劇中西鄉在門後開槍開砲大概就是在演這一段)
攻進皇城的長州軍慘敗,久坂等人也戰死沙場。
兵事暫歇,想逃跑的長州兵為了斷後就在其總部放火爭取時間,
會津兵為了殺光長州餘黨也在中立売門附近的民宅放火,
兩方可說是殺紅了眼,但最苦的還是百姓...
京都陷入一片火海,北從一條通、南至七條通東本願寺全被燒個精光,
這場悲慘的"どんどん焼け"也讓阿仁、龍馬吃了不少苦頭。
"大家都不來看外科才是好呢,外科興盛,就代表亂世到來了。"
佐分利醫生的話,現在看來格外諷刺...
By AmigoZ (待續)
(預告:幣值、江戶法制史、私刑、和宮、毒物)
*本篇文章參考自Wiki.2ch.官網.書籍.咕狗,歡迎推文、來信指教!
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